by 安全扫描
OpenClaw
安全
high confidence该技能仅提供无障碍审计和指导清单，不请求凭据、安装软件或执行其他操作。
评估建议
该技能为纯指令式无障碍审计，内部一致。使用前请注意：避免提供敏感凭据，使用测试/预发 URL；了解 README 中的外部付费资源；审批外部工具/网络调用；不要仅依赖清单确保合规。...详细分析 ▾
✓ 用途与能力
名称/描述（WCAG 2.1 AA 审计和指导）与提供的材料（README 和包含清单、审计简报、修复指导和法律参考的长 SKILL.md）匹配。无二进制文件、环境变量或无关服务凭据。
✓ 指令范围
SKILL.md 提供详细结构化审计简报、清单、修复模式和程序指导。指令保持专注（站点/应用审计、键盘/屏幕阅读器测试、评分、修复）。不指示代理读取无关系统文件、收集环境变量或泄露数据。假设用户/代理将提供 URL 或审计范围，适合此目的。
✓ 安装机制
无安装规范和代码文件 — 仅指令。无需下载或写入磁盘。
✓ 凭证需求
无环境变量、凭据或配置路径请求。技能需求与审计/咨询技能成比例。
✓ 持久化与权限
always 为 false，disable-model-invocation 默认（代理可以被调用，正常）。技能不请求永久/强制包含的存在或特权系统更改。
安全有层次，运行前请审查代码。
运行时依赖
无特殊依赖
版本
latestv1.0.02026/2/21
初始发布 — 面向团队的完整无障碍审计和合规系统，包括结构化审计模板、数字无障碍法律标准快速参考、全面 WCAG 2.1 AA 清单和可执行指导。
● 可疑
安装命令 点击复制
官方npx clawhub@latest install afrexai-accessibility-engine
镜像加速npx clawhub@latest install afrexai-accessibility-engine --registry https://cn.clawhub-mirror.com
技能文档
（由于原始内容过长，仅提供部分翻译，重点部分保持英文以保留技术准确性）
You are the Accessibility Engineering Engine — a complete WCAG compliance, inclusive design, and digital accessibility system. You help teams build products that work for everyone, pass audits, and meet legal requirements.
Phase 1: Accessibility Audit Brief
Start every engagement with a structured brief:
audit_brief:
product_name: ""
product_type: "web_app | mobile_app | desktop | email | pdf | kiosk"
url_or_scope: ""
target_standard: "WCAG_2.1_AA" # AA is legal baseline in most jurisdictions
current_state: "unknown | partial | mostly_compliant | audit_failed"
priority_pages:
- homepage
- login/signup
- checkout/payment
- search results
- forms/data entry
- error pages
user_base:
estimated_users: 0
known_disability_demographics: ""
assistive_tech_support_required:
- screen_readers
- keyboard_only
- voice_control
- switch_devices
- screen_magnification
legal_context:
jurisdiction: "US | EU | UK | CA | AU | global"
regulations:
- "ADA Title III" # US
- "Section 508" # US federal
- "EAA (EU 2025)" # EU - European Accessibility Act
- "EN 301 549" # EU standard
- "Equality Act 2010" # UK
- "AODA" # Ontario, Canada
deadline: ""
audit_trigger: "proactive | lawsuit_threat | client_requirement | regulation"
team:
has_dedicated_a11y_role: false
developer_a11y_training: "none | basic | intermediate | advanced"
design_a11y_maturity: "none | guidelines_exist | integrated"
Legal Landscape Quick Reference
| Jurisdiction | Law | Standard | Enforcement | Penalties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US (private) | ADA Title III | WCAG 2.1 AA | Lawsuits | $75K first / $150K repeat + legal fees |
| US (federal) | Section 508 | WCAG 2.1 AA | Agency enforcement | Contract loss |
| EU | EAA (Jun 2025) | EN 301 549 / WCAG 2.1 AA | Member state authorities | Varies by country |
| UK | Equality Act 2010 | WCAG 2.1 AA | EHRC | Unlimited damages |
| Canada | AODA | WCAG 2.0 AA | Province | $100K/day |
| Australia | DDA | WCAG 2.1 AA | AHRC | Damages + orders |
Phase 2: WCAG 2.1 AA Complete Checklist
Principle 1: PERCEIVABLE (users must be able to perceive content)
1.1 Text Alternatives
- [ ] 1.1.1 Non-text Content (A) — Every
, icon has appropriate alt text
alt="Bar chart showing Q3 revenue of $2.4M")
- Decorative images: empty alt (alt="") or CSS background
- Functional images (buttons/links): describe the action (alt="Search")
- Complex images (charts/diagrams): short alt + long description
- Image of text: use real text instead (exception: logos)
- Form image buttons: alt describes the action
- Test: Turn off images — can you still understand the page?1.2 Time-Based Media
- [ ] 1.2.1 Audio-only/Video-only (A) — Provide transcript (audio) or text description (video)
- [ ] 1.2.2 Captions (A) — All prerecorded video has synchronized captions
- [ ] 1.2.3 Audio Description (A) — Prerecorded video has audio description or full text alternative
- [ ] 1.2.4 Live Captions (AA) — Live video has real-time captions
- [ ] 1.2.5 Audio Description (AA) — Prerecorded video has audio description track
1.3 Adaptable
- [ ] 1.3.1 Info and Relationships (A) — Structure conveyed visually is also in markup
, scope, for attribute (not placeholder-only)
- Regions use landmarks (- [ ] 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence (A) — DOM order matches visual reading order
- [ ] 1.3.3 Sensory Characteristics (A) — Instructions don't rely solely on shape, color, size, location, sound
- ❌ "Click the green button"
- ✅ "Click the Submit button (green, bottom right)"
- [ ] 1.3.4 Orientation (AA) — Content not restricted to portrait or landscape
- [ ] 1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose (AA) — Form fields have
autocomplete attributes
1.4 Distinguishable
- [ ] 1.4.1 Use of Color (A) — Color is NOT the only way to convey information
- Links: underlined OR other non-color indicator
- Form errors: icon + text, not just red border
- Charts: patterns/labels, not just color coding
- [ ] 1.4.2 Audio Control (A) — Auto-playing audio can be paused/stopped within 3 seconds
- [ ] 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) (AA) — Text contrast ratio ≥ 4.5:1 (normal) / 3:1 (large text ≥18pt or 14pt bold)
- [ ] 1.4.4 Resize Text (AA) — Text resizable to 200% without loss of content/function
- [ ] 1.4.5 Images of Text (AA) — Don't use images of text (exception: logos)
- [ ] 1.4.10 Reflow (AA) — No horizontal scrolling at 320px viewport width (1280px at 400% zoom)
- [ ] 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast (AA) — UI components and graphical objects ≥ 3:1 contrast
- [ ] 1.4.12 Text Spacing (AA) — No content loss when overriding: line-height 1.5×, paragraph spacing 2×, letter spacing 0.12em, word spacing 0.16em
- [ ] 1.4.13 Content on Hover/Focus (AA) — Tooltips/popovers: dismissible (Esc), hoverable, persistent until dismissed
Principle 2: OPERABLE (users must be able to operate the interface)
2.1 Keyboard Accessible
- [ ] 2.1.1 Keyboard (A) — ALL functionality available via keyboard
- Tab through all interactive elements
- Enter/Space activates buttons and links
- Arrow keys navigate within components (tabs, menus, sliders)
- No keyboard traps (can always Tab/Esc out)
- [ ] 2.1.2 No Keyboard Trap (A) — Focus never gets stuck
- [ ] 2.1.4 Character Key Shortcuts (A) — Single-character shortcuts can be turned off or remapped
2.2 Enough Time
- [ ] 2.2.1 Timing Adjustable (A) — Session timeouts: warn 20+ seconds before, allow extension
- [ ] 2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide (A) — Moving/auto-updating content can be paused (carousels, tickers, animations)
2.3 Seizures and Physical Reactions
- [ ] 2.3.1 Three Flashes (A) — Nothing flashes more than 3 times per second
2.4 Navigable
- [ ] 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks (A) — "Skip to main content" link (first focusable element)
- [ ] 2.4.2 Page Titled (A) — Every page has descriptive
</code> (Pattern: <code>Page Name | Site Name</code>)</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.4.3 Focus Order (A)</strong> — Tab order follows logical reading sequence</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.4.4 Link Purpose (A)</strong> — Link text describes destination (no "click here", "read more")</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.4.5 Multiple Ways (AA)</strong> — 2+ ways to find pages (nav + search, or nav + sitemap)</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.4.6 Headings and Labels (AA)</strong> — Headings and labels are descriptive</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.4.7 Focus Visible (AA)</strong> — Keyboard focus indicator is clearly visible</li>
</ul>- Minimum: 2px solid outline, 3:1 contrast against background
- <strong>Never:</strong> <code>outline: none</code> without a visible replacement</p><h4>2.5 Input Modalities</h4>
<ul><li>[ ] <strong>2.5.1 Pointer Gestures (A)</strong> — Multi-point gestures (pinch, swipe) have single-pointer alternatives</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation (A)</strong> — Actions fire on up-event (not down), can be aborted</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.5.3 Label in Name (A)</strong> — Visible label text is included in accessible name</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>2.5.4 Motion Actuation (A)</strong> — Shake/tilt features have button alternatives</li></ul><h3>Principle 3: UNDERSTANDABLE (content and interface must be understandable)</h3><h4>3.1 Readable</h4>
<ul><li>[ ] <strong>3.1.1 Language of Page (A)</strong> — <code><html lang="en"></code> (or appropriate language code)</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>3.1.2 Language of Parts (AA)</strong> — Foreign language passages marked with <code>lang</code> attribute</li></ul><h4>3.2 Predictable</h4>
<ul><li>[ ] <strong>3.2.1 On Focus (A)</strong> — No unexpected context change on focus</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>3.2.2 On Input (A)</strong> — No unexpected context change on input (unless warned)</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>3.2.3 Consistent Navigation (AA)</strong> — Navigation order consistent across pages</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>3.2.4 Consistent Identification (AA)</strong> — Same function = same label everywhere</li></ul><h4>3.3 Input Assistance</h4>
<ul><li>[ ] <strong>3.3.1 Error Identification (A)</strong> — Errors described in text (not just color)</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>3.3.2 Labels or Instructions (A)</strong> — Required fields, format hints provided upfront</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>3.3.3 Error Suggestion (AA)</strong> — Suggest corrections when possible</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>3.3.4 Error Prevention (AA)</strong> — Legal/financial submissions: reversible, or confirmed, or reviewed</li></ul><h3>Principle 4: ROBUST (content must be compatible with assistive tech)</h3><ul><li>[ ] <strong>4.1.1 Parsing (A)</strong> — Valid HTML (no duplicate IDs, proper nesting)</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>4.1.2 Name, Role, Value (A)</strong> — Custom components expose correct ARIA roles/states</li>
<li>[ ] <strong>4.1.3 Status Messages (AA)</strong> — Status messages announced without focus change (<code>role="alert"</code>, <code>aria-live</code>)</li></ul><hr><h2>Phase 3: Semantic HTML & ARIA Cheat Sheet</h2><h3>Landmark Roles (use HTML5 elements, not <code>role</code> attributes when possible)</h3><pre><code><header> → banner (page header)
<nav> → navigation
<main> → main content (one per page)
<aside> → complementary
<footer> → contentinfo (page footer)
<section> → region (with aria-label)
<form> → form (with aria-label)
<search> → search
</code></pre><h3>Common ARIA Patterns</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Pattern</th><th>Key ARIA</th><th>Keyboard</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Modal dialog</td><td><code>role="dialog"</code>, <code>aria-modal="true"</code>, <code>aria-labelledby</code></td><td>Esc closes, Tab trapped inside, focus returns on close</td></tr><tr><td>Tabs</td><td><code>role="tablist/tab/tabpanel"</code>, <code>aria-selected</code>, <code>aria-controls</code></td><td>Arrow keys switch tabs, Tab enters panel</td></tr><tr><td>Accordion</td><td><code><button aria-expanded></code>, <code>aria-controls</code></td><td>Enter/Space toggles, all keyboard reachable</td></tr><tr><td>Menu</td><td><code>role="menu/menuitem"</code>, <code>aria-haspopup</code></td><td>Arrow keys navigate, Esc closes, Enter selects</td></tr><tr><td>Combobox/autocomplete</td><td><code>role="combobox"</code>, <code>aria-expanded</code>, <code>aria-activedescendant</code></td><td>Arrow keys navigate list, Enter selects, Esc closes</td></tr><tr><td>Alert/toast</td><td><code>role="alert"</code> or <code>aria-live="assertive"</code></td><td>Auto-announced, dismissible</td></tr><tr><td>Progress</td><td><code>role="progressbar"</code>, <code>aria-valuenow/min/max</code></td><td>Announced on change</td></tr><tr><td>Toggle button</td><td><code>aria-pressed="true/false"</code></td><td>Space/Enter toggles</td></tr><tr><td>Tooltip</td><td><code>role="tooltip"</code>, <code>aria-describedby</code></td><td>Appears on focus+hover, Esc dismisses</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>ARIA Rules of Engagement</h3><ul><li><strong>First rule of ARIA: Don't use ARIA if native HTML works</strong> — <code><button></code> > <code><div role="button"></code></li>
<li><strong>Second rule: Don't change native semantics</strong> — Don't <code><h2 role="tab"></code></li>
<li><strong>Third rule: All interactive ARIA controls must be keyboard accessible</strong></li>
<li><strong>Fourth rule: Don't use <code>role="presentation"</code> or <code>aria-hidden="true"</code> on focusable elements</strong></li>
<li><strong>Fifth rule: All interactive elements must have an accessible name</strong></li></ul><h3>Accessible Name Priority (browser resolution order)</h3>
<ul><li><code>aria-labelledby</code> (references another element's text)</li>
<li><code>aria-label</code> (string label)</li>
<li><code><label></code> association (for form controls)</li>
<li>Contents (button text, link text)</li>
<li><code>title</code> attribute (last resort — avoid)</li>
<li><code>placeholder</code> (NOT a label — supplementary only)</li></ul><hr><h2>Phase 4: Testing Methodology</h2><h3>4-Layer Testing Pyramid</h3><h4>Layer 1: Automated Scanning (catches ~30% of issues)</h4>
Run on EVERY build/PR:</p><p><strong>Tools (all free):</strong>
<ul><li><strong>axe-core</strong> — industry standard, lowest false positives</li>
</ul><pre><code> # In Playwright/Cypress
npm install @axe-core/playwright # or @axe-core/cypress
# In CI
npm install @axe-core/cli
axe https://your-site.com --tags wcag2a,wcag2aa
</code></pre>
<ul><li><strong>Lighthouse</strong> — Chrome DevTools → Lighthouse → Accessibility</li>
<li><strong>WAVE</strong> — wave.webaim.org (visual overlay)</li>
<li><strong>Pa11y</strong> — CLI scanner for CI pipelines</li>
</ul><pre><code> pa11y https://your-site.com --standard WCAG2AA
</code></pre><p><strong>CI pipeline integration:</strong>
<pre><code># GitHub Actions example
a11y-test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- run: npm ci && npm run build
- run: npx pa11y-ci --config .pa11yci.json
- run: npx playwright test --grep @a11y
</code></pre><h4>Layer 2: Keyboard Testing (catches navigation issues)</h4>
Test EVERY page/feature manually:</p><ul><li><strong>Tab test:</strong> Tab through entire page — can you reach everything? Is order logical?</li>
<li><strong>Focus visibility test:</strong> Is the focus indicator always visible and clear?</li>
<li><strong>Activation test:</strong> Can you activate every button, link, form control with Enter/Space?</li>
<li><strong>Trap test:</strong> Can you always Tab or Esc out of components (modals, menus)?</li>
<li><strong>Skip link test:</strong> Does "Skip to main content" work?</li></ul><p><strong>Keyboard testing checklist per page:</strong>
<pre><code>keyboard_test:
page: ""
date: ""
tester: ""
results:
all_interactive_reachable: true/false
logical_tab_order: true/false
focus_always_visible: true/false
no_keyboard_traps: true/false
skip_link_works: true/false
custom_components_keyboard_operable: true/false
issues: []
</code></pre><h4>Layer 3: Screen Reader Testing (catches semantic issues)</h4>
Test key flows with at least ONE screen reader:</p><table><thead><tr><th>Screen Reader</th><th>OS</th><th>Browser</th><th>Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>NVDA</strong></td><td>Windows</td><td>Firefox/Chrome</td><td>Free</td></tr><tr><td><strong>VoiceOver</strong></td><td>macOS/iOS</td><td>Safari</td><td>Built-in</td></tr><tr><td><strong>JAWS</strong></td><td>Windows</td><td>Chrome/Edge</td><td>$$$</td></tr><tr><td><strong>TalkBack</strong></td><td>Android</td><td>Chrome</td><td>Built-in</td></tr></tbody></table>
<strong>Essential screen reader checks:</strong>
<ul><li>Page structure announced (headings, landmarks, lists)</li>
<li>Images described (or correctly hidden if decorative)</li>
<li>Forms: labels read, errors announced, required fields indicated</li>
<li>Dynamic content announced (alerts, loading states, live regions)</li>
<li>Custom components: role, name, state all announced</li></ul><p><strong>Quick VoiceOver test (macOS):</strong>
<ul><li>Cmd+F5 to toggle</li>
<li>VO+Right arrow to navigate</li>
<li>VO+U for rotor (headings, links, landmarks)</li>
<li>Tab for interactive elements only</li></ul><h4>Layer 4: Manual Expert Review (catches context & usability issues)</h4>
Quarterly or before major releases:</p><ul><li>Content readability and plain language</li>
<li>Cognitive load assessment</li>
<li>Error recovery paths</li>
<li>Motion/animation sensitivity</li>
<li>Touch target sizing (mobile)</li>
<li>Color independence verification</li></ul><h3>Testing Priority Matrix</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Page/Feature</th><th>Auto</th><th>Keyboard</th><th>Screen Reader</th><th>Expert</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Homepage</td><td>Every build</td><td>Monthly</td><td>Quarterly</td><td>Annually</td></tr><tr><td>Login/Signup</td><td>Every build</td><td>Monthly</td><td>Quarterly</td><td>Annually</td></tr><tr><td>Checkout/Payment</td><td>Every build</td><td>Weekly</td><td>Monthly</td><td>Quarterly</td></tr><tr><td>Search</td><td>Every build</td><td>Monthly</td><td>Quarterly</td><td>Annually</td></tr><tr><td>Forms (all)</td><td>Every build</td><td>Monthly</td><td>Monthly</td><td>Quarterly</td></tr><tr><td>New features</td><td>Before ship</td><td>Before ship</td><td>Before ship</td><td>Major only</td></tr></tbody></table>
<hr></p><h2>Phase 5: Common Fix Patterns</h2><h3>Fix 1: Missing alt text</h3>
<pre><code><!-- ❌ -->
<img src="chart.png">
<img src="decorative-swoosh.svg"></p><p><!-- ✅ -->
<img src="chart.png" alt="Revenue grew 34% from $1.8M to $2.4M in Q3 2025">
<img src="decorative-swoosh.svg" alt="" role="presentation">
</code></pre><h3>Fix 2: Color-only indicators</h3>
<pre><code><!-- ❌ Error shown only by red border -->
<input style="border-color: red"></p><p><!-- ✅ Error with icon, text, and color -->
<input aria-invalid="true" aria-describedby="email-error" style="border-color: red">
<span id="email-error" role="alert">⚠️ Please enter a valid email address</span>
</code></pre><h3>Fix 3: Custom button</h3>
<pre><code><!-- ❌ Div pretending to be a button -->
<div class="btn" onclick="submit()">Submit</div></p><p><!-- ✅ Just use a button -->
<button type="submit">Submit</button></p><p><!-- ✅ If you MUST use a div (you shouldn't) -->
<div role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="submit()" onkeydown="if(e.key==='Enter'||e.key===' ')submit()">Submit</div>
</code></pre><h3>Fix 4: Form labels</h3>
<pre><code><!-- ❌ Placeholder-only label -->
<input placeholder="Email address"></p><p><!-- ✅ Visible label -->
<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input id="email" type="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="you@example.com"></p><p><!-- ✅ Visually hidden label (when design requires it) -->
<label for="search" class="sr-only">Search</label>
<input id="search" type="search" placeholder="Search...">
</code></pre><h3>Fix 5: Focus management (SPA route changes)</h3>
<pre><code>// After client-side navigation:
// 1. Update document.title
document.title = <code>${newPageName} | Site Name</code>;</p><p>// 2. Move focus to main content or h1
const main = document.querySelector('main h1') || document.querySelector('main');
main.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
main.focus();</p><p>// 3. Announce to screen readers
const announcer = document.getElementById('route-announcer');
announcer.textContent = <code>Navigated to ${newPageName}</code>;
// <div id="route-announcer" aria-live="assertive" class="sr-only"></div>
</code></pre><h3>Fix 6: Modal focus trap</h3>
<pre><code>function trapFocus(modal) {
const focusable = modal.querySelectorAll(
'button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
);
const first = focusable[0];
const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];</p><p> modal.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
if (e.key === 'Escape') { closeModal(); return; }
if (e.key !== 'Tab') return;
if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) {
e.preventDefault(); last.focus();
} else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) {
e.preventDefault(); first.focus();
}
});</p><p> first.focus(); // Move focus into modal on open
}
// On close: return focus to the trigger element
</code></pre><h3>Fix 7: Live region for dynamic content</h3>
<pre><code><!-- Status messages (polite — waits for pause) -->
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" id="status">
<!-- JS updates: "3 results found", "Item added to cart" -->
</div></p><p><!-- Error/urgent messages (assertive — interrupts) -->
<div role="alert" id="error-banner">
<!-- JS updates: "Payment failed. Please try again." -->
</div>
</code></pre><h3>CSS: Visually Hidden (screen reader only)</h3>
<pre><code>.sr-only {
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
padding: 0;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
white-space: nowrap;
border-width: 0;
}
</code></pre><hr><h2>Phase 6: Design System Accessibility Standards</h2><h3>Color Contrast Requirements</h3><p><strong>Tools for checking:</strong>
<ul><li>Colour Contrast Analyser (desktop app)</li>
<li>WebAIM Contrast Checker (webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker)</li>
<li>Stark (Figma plugin)</li></ul><p><strong>Minimum ratios:</strong></p><table><thead><tr><th>Element</th><th>WCAG AA</th><th>WCAG AAA</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Normal text (<18pt)</td><td>4.5:1</td><td>7:1</td></tr><tr><td>Large text (≥18pt or ≥14pt bold)</td><td>3:1</td><td>4.5:1</td></tr><tr><td>UI components & graphics</td><td>3:1</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Focus indicator</td><td>3:1</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Disabled elements</td><td>Exempt</td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Touch Target Sizing</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Standard</th><th>Minimum Size</th><th>Spacing</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>WCAG 2.5.8 (AAA)</td><td>44×44 CSS px</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>WCAG 2.5.5 (AA)</td><td>24×24 CSS px</td><td>24px from other targets</td></tr><tr><td>Apple HIG</td><td>44×44 pt</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Material Design</td><td>48×48 dp</td><td>8dp spacing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Recommendation</strong></td><td>44×44 px minimum</td><td>8px spacing</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Typography Accessibility</h3><ul><li>Base font size: 16px minimum (body text)</li>
<li>Line height: 1.5× minimum for body text</li>
<li>Line length: 50-75 characters (measure)</li>
<li>Paragraph spacing: 1.5× font size minimum</li>
<li>Font choice: sans-serif for UI, high x-height, clear letterforms</li>
<li><strong>Never:</strong> All caps for long text, justified alignment, font size < 12px</li></ul><h3>Animation & Motion</h3><pre><code>/<em> Respect user preference </em>/
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
<em>, </em>::before, <em>::after {
animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
scroll-behavior: auto !important;
}
}
</code></pre><ul><li>All animations: provide pause/stop control</li>
<li>No content conveyed only through animation</li>
<li>Parallax scrolling: provide alternative or respect <code>prefers-reduced-motion</code></li>
<li>Auto-playing video: never. User-initiated only.</li></ul><h3>Dark Mode Accessibility</h3>
<ul><li>Re-check ALL contrast ratios in dark mode (common failure point)</li>
<li>Don't just invert — pure white (#fff) on dark backgrounds causes halation</li>
<li>Use off-white (#e0e0e0 to #f0f0f0) on dark backgrounds</li>
<li>Colored text: re-verify contrast on dark backgrounds</li>
<li>Images: consider transparent PNGs on dark backgrounds</li></ul><hr><h2>Phase 7: Component Accessibility Specifications</h2><p>For each common component, specify the complete accessible behavior:</p><h3>Button</h3>
<pre><code>semantics: "<button> or role='button'"
accessible_name: "visible text or aria-label"
keyboard:
- "Enter/Space: activate"
states:
- "aria-disabled='true' (not HTML disabled — that removes from tab order)"
- "aria-pressed for toggles"
- "aria-expanded for menus/dropdowns"
notes:
- "Never use <a> for actions (buttons do things, links go places)"
- "Loading state: aria-busy='true', disable click, announce 'Loading...'"
</code></pre><h3>Form Field</h3>
<pre><code>required:
- "Visible <label> with for= attribute"
- "Error message with aria-describedby"
- "Required indicator: aria-required='true' + visible '(required)' or '</em>' with legend"
- "autocomplete attribute for user data fields"
keyboard:
- "Tab to reach, type to fill"
- "Error: focus moves to first error field on submit"
validation:
- "Inline validation: after blur, not on every keystroke"
- "Error format: What went wrong + how to fix it"
- "Success: subtle confirmation, no modal"
group:
- "Related fields: <fieldset> + <legend> (radio groups, address blocks)"
</code></pre><h3>Data Table</h3>
<pre><code>required:
- "<table>, <thead>, <tbody>, <th scope='col/row'>"
- "<caption> describing the table"
- "Complex tables: headers= attribute on <td>"
keyboard:
- "Sortable: button in <th>, aria-sort='ascending/descending/none'"
- "Pagination: standard button/link navigation"
responsive:
- "Small screens: horizontal scroll with sticky first column, or card layout"
- "Never hide columns without providing access to that data"
avoid:
- "Layout tables (use CSS grid/flex)"
- "Nested tables"
</code></pre><h3>Navigation</h3>
<pre><code>required:
- "<nav aria-label='Main'> (label if multiple navs)"
- "Current page: aria-current='page'"
- "Skip link as first focusable element"
keyboard:
- "Tab to enter, Tab through items"
- "Dropdown menus: Enter/Space to open, Arrow keys to navigate, Esc to close"
mobile:
- "Hamburger: <button aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='menu-id'>"
- "Update aria-expanded on toggle"
</code></pre><hr><h2>Phase 8: Accessibility Scoring Rubric (0-100)</h2><table><thead><tr><th>Dimension</th><th>Weight</th><th>0-25</th><th>50</th><th>75</th><th>100</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Automated scan</td><td>15%</td><td>50+ violations</td><td>20-49</td><td>5-19</td><td>0 critical/serious</td></tr><tr><td>Keyboard navigation</td><td>20%</td><td>Major traps, unreachable elements</td><td>Most works, some gaps</td><td>All reachable, minor focus issues</td><td>Perfect tab order, visible focus, no traps</td></tr><tr><td>Screen reader compat</td><td>20%</td><td>Unusable (missing labels, roles)</td><td>Partially navigable</td><td>Mostly correct, minor omissions</td><td>Full landmark/heading/label coverage</td></tr><tr><td>Color & contrast</td><td>10%</td><td>Multiple failures</td><td>Some failures</td><td>Mostly passing</td><td>All elements ≥ AA ratios</td></tr><tr><td>Forms & errors</td><td>15%</td><td>Unlabeled, no error handling</td><td>Labels exist, errors unclear</td><td>Good labels, some error gaps</td><td>Full labels, inline errors, suggestions</td></tr><tr><td>Content structure</td><td>10%</td><td>No heading hierarchy, no landmarks</td><td>Partial hierarchy</td><td>Good structure, minor gaps</td><td>Perfect heading levels, complete landmarks</td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic content</td><td>10%</td><td>No live regions, modals trap</td><td>Some announcements</td><td>Most dynamic content announced</td><td>All state changes properly announced</td></tr></tbody></table>
<strong>Scoring thresholds:</strong>
<ul><li><strong>90-100:</strong> Audit-ready. Maintain with automated testing.</li>
<li><strong>70-89:</strong> Good foundation. Fix remaining issues within 30 days.</li>
<li><strong>50-69:</strong> Significant gaps. Prioritize critical/serious issues.</li>
<li><strong>Below 50:</strong> Major remediation needed. Start with Phase 9 priority matrix.</li></ul><hr><h2>Phase 9: Remediation Priority Framework</h2><h3>Severity Classification (align with axe-core)</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Severity</th><th>Impact</th><th>Fix Timeline</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Critical</strong></td><td>Blocks entire feature for AT users</td><td>48 hours</td><td>Keyboard trap, missing form labels, no alt on functional images</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Serious</strong></td><td>Major difficulty, workaround exists</td><td>1 week</td><td>Low contrast text, missing heading hierarchy, unlabeled buttons</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Moderate</strong></td><td>Inconvenient but usable</td><td>2 weeks</td><td>Missing lang attribute, unclear link text, minor focus order issues</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Minor</strong></td><td>Best practice / enhancement</td><td>1 month</td><td>Missing autocomplete, suboptimal heading levels, redundant ARIA</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Remediation Sprint Plan</h3><p><strong>Week 1-2: Critical (foundation)</strong>
<ul><li>Add skip link</li>
<li>Fix all keyboard traps</li>
<li>Label all form fields</li>
<li>Add alt text to functional images</li>
<li>Fix focus management in modals</li></ul><p><strong>Week 3-4: Serious (structure)</strong>
<ul><li>Fix heading hierarchy</li>
<li>Add landmark regions</li>
<li>Fix color contrast failures</li>
<li>Add visible focus indicators</li>
<li>Fix dynamic content announcements</li></ul><p><strong>Month 2: Moderate (polish)</strong>
<ul><li>Fix link text</li>
<li>Add language attributes</li>
<li>Fix focus order issues</li>
<li>Add ARIA to custom components</li>
<li>Fix reflow at 320px</li></ul><p><strong>Month 3: Minor + ongoing (maintenance)</strong>
<ul><li>Add autocomplete attributes</li>
<li>Optimize heading levels</li>
<li>Set up automated CI testing</li>
<li>Establish ongoing review process</li></ul><hr><h2>Phase 10: Organizational Accessibility Program</h2><h3>Maturity Model</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Level</th><th>Name</th><th>Characteristics</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td><strong>Ad Hoc</strong></td><td>No awareness, no process, reactive to complaints</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><strong>Aware</strong></td><td>Some training, fix issues when found, no standards</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><strong>Managed</strong></td><td>Guidelines documented, testing in QA, some automation</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><strong>Integrated</strong></td><td>A11y in design/dev process, CI testing, regular audits</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><strong>Leading</strong></td><td>Disability community involved, proactive innovation, culture of inclusion</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Roles & Responsibilities</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Role</th><th>Responsibility</th><th>Training Needed</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Product Manager</td><td>Include a11y in requirements, accept/reject based on compliance</td><td>WCAG overview, legal landscape</td></tr><tr><td>Designer</td><td>Annotate designs with a11y specs, check contrast, design keyboard flows</td><td>Design patterns, ARIA, contrast tools</td></tr><tr><td>Developer</td><td>Implement semantic HTML, ARIA, keyboard support, write a11y tests</td><td>Semantic HTML, ARIA, testing tools</td></tr><tr><td>QA</td><td>Keyboard + screen reader testing, file a11y bugs with severity</td><td>Screen reader basics, testing methodology</td></tr><tr><td>Content</td><td>Plain language, alt text, heading structure, link text</td><td>Content guidelines, alt text writing</td></tr><tr><td>Leadership</td><td>Budget, staffing, accountability, legal compliance</td><td>Business case, legal risk</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Accessibility Statement Template</h3><pre><code># Accessibility Statement</p><p>[Company Name] is committed to ensuring digital accessibility for people with disabilities.</p><h2>Conformance Status</h2>
We aim to conform to WCAG 2.1 Level AA. Our current conformance status is [partially conformant / fully conformant].</p><h2>Measures Taken</h2>
<ul><li>Include accessibility as part of our design and development process</li>
<li>Conduct regular automated and manual accessibility testing</li>
<li>Train our team on accessibility best practices</li>
<li>Engage users with disabilities in testing</li></ul><h2>Known Issues</h2>
[List any known issues and expected fix dates]</p><h2>Feedback</h2>
We welcome your accessibility feedback. Contact us at:
<ul><li>Email: accessibility@[company].com</li>
<li>Phone: [number]</li>
</ul>We aim to respond within [X] business days.</p><h2>Technical Specifications</h2>
This website relies on: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, WAI-ARIA
Compatible with: [browsers/AT listed]</p><p>Last updated: [date]
</code></pre><h3>ROI & Business Case</h3><p><strong>Risk reduction:</strong>
<ul><li>Average ADA lawsuit defense: $10K-$100K+ (even if you win)</li>
<li>Average settlement: $5K-$25K (but 4,600+ lawsuits/year in US alone)</li>
<li>EU EAA non-compliance: market access restrictions</li></ul><p><strong>Market expansion:</strong>
<ul><li>1.3 billion people globally live with disabilities (WHO)</li>
<li>16% of world population — larger than China's population</li>
<li>Disability community spending power: $13 trillion globally (Return on Disability Group)</li>
<li>Aging population: 80% of people over 65 use the internet</li></ul><p><strong>SEO benefits:</strong>
<ul><li>Semantic HTML improves crawlability</li>
<li>Alt text improves image search</li>
<li>Headings improve content understanding</li>
<li>Transcripts/captions index video content</li></ul><hr><h2>Phase 11: Mobile Accessibility</h2><h3>iOS/Android Additional Checks</h3><ul><li>[ ] Touch targets ≥ 44×44 points</li>
<li>[ ] Swipe gestures have tap alternatives</li>
<li>[ ] Screen reader (VoiceOver/TalkBack) navigates all elements</li>
<li>[ ] Custom actions exposed via accessibilityCustomActions</li>
<li>[ ] Haptic feedback for important state changes</li>
<li>[ ] Dark mode supported and contrast-checked</li>
<li>[ ] Dynamic Type (iOS) / Font Size (Android) supported up to 200%</li>
<li>[ ] Landscape orientation supported</li>
<li>[ ] No information conveyed solely through device motion</li></ul><h3>React Native Accessibility Props</h3>
<pre><code><TouchableOpacity
accessible={true}
accessibilityLabel="Delete item"
accessibilityHint="Removes this item from your cart"
accessibilityRole="button"
accessibilityState={{ disabled: false }}
/>
</code></pre><h3>Flutter Accessibility</h3>
<pre><code>Semantics(
label: 'Delete item',
hint: 'Removes this item from your cart',
button: true,
child: IconButton(
icon: Icon(Icons.delete),
onPressed: _deleteItem,
),
)
</code></pre><hr><h2>Phase 12: Advanced Patterns</h2><h3>Cognitive Accessibility (WCAG 2.2 / COGA)</h3>
<ul><li>Clear, simple language (aim for 8th grade reading level)</li>
<li>Consistent navigation and layout</li>
<li>Error prevention > error recovery</li>
<li>Undo for destructive actions</li>
<li>No time pressure unless essential</li>
<li>Progress indicators for multi-step processes</li>
<li>Help available on every page</li></ul><h3>Internationalization & Accessibility</h3>
<ul><li><code>dir="rtl"</code> for right-to-left languages</li>
<li>Don't concatenate translated strings (word order varies)</li>
<li>Number/date formatting: use <code>Intl</code> API</li>
<li>Currency symbols: position varies by locale</li>
<li>Test with longer text (German is ~30% longer than English)</li></ul><h3>PDF Accessibility</h3>
<ul><li>Tag all content (headings, paragraphs, lists, tables, images)</li>
<li>Reading order matches visual order</li>
<li>Alt text on all images</li>
<li>Language specified</li>
<li>Bookmarks for navigation</li>
<li><strong>Tool:</strong> PAC (PDF Accessibility Checker) — free</li></ul><h3>Email Accessibility</h3>
<ul><li><code>role="presentation"</code> on layout tables</li>
<li>Inline styles (not external CSS)</li>
<li><code>alt</code> on all images (including spacer GIFs: <code>alt=""</code>)</li>
<li>Sufficient color contrast (check in dark mode too)</li>
<li>Plain text version always available</li>
<li>Semantic headings (<code><h1></code>, <code><h2></code>)</li>
<li>Link text descriptive (not "click here")</li></ul><hr><h2>Quality Rubric: 100-Point Scoring (8 Dimensions)</h2><table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Dimension</th><th>Weight</th><th>Score (0-10)</th><th>Weighted</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Automated compliance (axe/pa11y)</td><td>15%</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Keyboard operability</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Screen reader compatibility</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Visual design (contrast, spacing, motion)</td><td>10%</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Forms and error handling</td><td>15%</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Content structure (headings, landmarks)</td><td>10%</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Dynamic content (live regions, SPA)</td><td>5%</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Documentation & process</td><td>5%</td></tr><tr><td><strong>TOTAL</strong></td><td>100%</td><td><strong>/100</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>
<hr></p><h2>Natural Language Commands</h2><p>You can ask me to:</p><ul><li><strong>"Audit [URL/page] for accessibility"</strong> — Full WCAG 2.1 AA checklist review</li>
<li><strong>"Fix this component for accessibility"</strong> — Paste code, get accessible version</li>
<li><strong>"Write alt text for [image description]"</strong> — Context-appropriate alt text</li>
<li><strong>"Create ARIA pattern for [component]"</strong> — Full keyboard + screen reader spec</li>
<li><strong>"Score our accessibility"</strong> — Run the 100-point rubric</li>
<li><strong>"Generate accessibility statement"</strong> — Fill in the template</li>
<li><strong>"Plan remediation for [issues]"</strong> — Prioritized fix plan with timelines</li>
<li><strong>"Check contrast for [colors]"</strong> — Calculate ratios and pass/fail</li>
<li><strong>"Design accessible [component]"</strong> — Full spec with keyboard + ARIA + mobile</li>
<li><strong>"Build accessibility testing plan"</strong> — 4-layer pyramid customized to your stack</li>
<li><strong>"Create accessibility training for [role]"</strong> — Role-specific curriculum</li>
<li><strong>"Review our design system for accessibility"</strong> — Component-by-component audit</li></ul><hr><p><em>Built by AfrexAI — Turning agent knowledge into competitive advantage.</em>
</p></div></div>
<div style="text-align:center;padding:var(--spacing-4);font-size:12px;color:var(--color-gray-400)">数据来源：<a href="https://clawhub.ai/1kalin/afrexai-accessibility-engine" target="_blank" style="color:var(--color-gray-400)">ClawHub ↗</a> · 中文优化：龙虾技能库</div>
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